Injineer ama arday injineer ahaan, waxaad had iyo jeer raadineysaa siyaabo aad ku kala saarto oo aad u nadiifiso isku dhafka dareeraha ah ee degdegga ah oo fudud.
Laakin waxaa laga yaabaa inaadan ka ogeyn distillation azeotropic.
Ma aha oo kaliya in habkani uu kala saaro isku-darka, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu samayn karaa qaybo saafi ah, taas oo ay adag tahay in lagu sameeyo hababka nadiifinta dhaqameed.
Distillation Azeotropic waa geedi socod adag laakiin xiiso leh kaas oo noqday mid aad muhiim ugu ah injineernimada iyo warshadaha kiimikada.
Maqaalkan, waxaan ku sharxi doonaa sida distillation azeotropic u shaqeyso, iyo sidoo kale faa'iidooyinkeeda, cilladaha, iyo isticmaalka caadiga ah.
Aqoontan, waxaad awood u yeelan doontaa inaad farsamooyinkaaga kala soocida u qaado heerka xiga.
Hordhaca Distillation Azeotropic
Qeexitaan rasmi ah:
Nidaam kaas oo isku-darka dareeraha ah loo kala saaro qaybo saafi ah iyadoo la kaashanayo walax dheeraad ah ama dareere.
Distillation Azeotropic waa hab lagu kala saaro qaybaha isku dhafka ah iyada oo la samaynayo azeotrope, taas oo ah isku dar ah qaybaha ku karkariya isla heerkulka.
Distillation looma isticmaali karo in lagu kala saaro isku dhafka noocan oo kale ah qaybihiisa sababtoo ah dhammaan qaybaha waxay leeyihiin qadar isku mid ah oo ah uumiga iyo dareeraha.
Distillation soo saarista, dhinaca kale, waa hab la mid ah oo lagu kala saaro isku dar ah, laakiin halkii entrainer, waxay isticmaashaa dareere si ay u kala saarto isku dhafka.
Distillation Azeotropic
Distillation azeotropic, entrainer ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo beddelo sida ay u kacsan yihiin qaybaha kala duwan ee isku dhafka ah, taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la kala saaro.
Marka la isku daro hal ama in ka badan oo ka mid ah qaybaha la soo-galiyaha, azeotrope cusub ayaa la sameeyaa.
Azeotrope-ka cusub waxaa laga sooci karaa isku dhafka asalka ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo jajab.
Ku-soo-galiyuhu inta badan waa qayb ka mid ah isku-dhafka oo leh barta karkarinta hoose iyo isbeddel sare oo qaraabo ah marka loo eego qaybaha kale.
Haddii isku-darku uu sameeyo azeotrope ugu yaraan-karsan, taas oo ah azeotrope oo leh barta karkarinta ugu hooseysa, soo-galiyuhu wuxuu isku dari doonaa qayb ka sii kacsan oo isku-darka asalka ah si uu u sameeyo azeotrope.
Xaaladdan oo kale, azeotrope leh barta karkaraya ugu hooseeya taas oo samaysa marka entrainer lagu daro marka hore.
Tan waxaa loo yaqaan 'distillate'.
Haddii aysan ahayn, haddii azeotrope leh dhibco karkarinta ugu badan ay la sameyso soo-galiyaha, qeybta aadka u kacsan ee isku dhafka asalka ah ayaa marka hore soo bixi doona.
Tani waxay suurtogal ka dhigaysaa kala qaybinta jajabku inay kala saarto qaybaha isku dhafka asalka ah.
Distillation Soo saarta
Distillation soo saarista, isku dar kasta waa in ay isticmaalaan dareere kala soocida kala duwan, iyo dareerayaasha waa in aanay u muuqdaan in ay sameeyaan azeotrope ah.
Dareemuhu wuxuu beddelaa isku-darka dheellitirka uumiga-dheecaanka, taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la kala saaro qaybaha.
Distillation-ka-soo-saarka ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala saaro isku-darka u muuqda inay sameeyaan azeotropes, taas oo aan suurtagal ahayn distillation azeotropic.
Isku dhafka karkarinta joogtada ah
Isku darka karkarinta si joogto ah, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan isku dhafka "azeotropic", waxay saameyn ku leedahay jajabinta jajabyada isku-dhafka aan fiicnayn (azeotropes).
Haddii sharciga Raoult si togan loo jebiyo, waxay samaysaa qalooca cadaadiska uumiga leh qiimaha ugu badan ee aan saafi ahayn A ama B saafi ah.
Haddii isku dhafkan ay leeyihiin uumi badan, dhibcahooda karkaraya way hooseeyaan.
Unugyadu si sahal ah ayay u wareegaan, jajabka jajabka oo kaliya kuma filna inuu helo ethanol saafi ah sababtoo ah waxay weli yeelan doontaa biyo iyo wasakh kale.
Farshaxanka Kala-soocidda Adag: Sahaminta Distillation Azeotropic
Weli way adagtahay in la helo oo ay adagtahay in la fahmo? Aan wax yar ka beddelo aragtida:
Miyaad ka daashay isla habraacyadii hore ee caajiska ahaa ee kala sooca waxyaabaha la isku daray adigoon ku darin wax dareen dheeraad ah? Ma doonaysaa in aad farsamooyinkaaga kala soocida ka dhigto mid adag oo jahawareer badan inta ay u baahan yihiin? Hagaag, jawaabta waan kuu hayaa! Distillation Azeotropic waa geedi socod qaadata kala saarid fudud oo u beddeleysa maro walxo dheeraad ah iyo dareerayaasha.
Maxaad u isticmaashaa hal shay si aad u kala saarto isku darka marka aad isticmaali karto laba ama saddex? Yaa raba inuu fududaado marka aad noqon karto mid adag? Distillation Azeotropic: Mararka qaarkood, habka ugu wanaagsan ee lagu nadiifiyo qaybahaaga waa in la sameeyo habka sida ugu adag ee suurtogalka ah.
OK, taasi waxay ahayd uun kaftan oo loo ekeysiiyay xayaysiis TV. Hadda aan dib ugu laabano sharraxaadda.
Habka Distillation Azeotropic
Distillation Azeotropic waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan marka loo eego hababka kale ee lagu kala saaro waxyaabaha, sida sida ay u fududahay in la kala saaro soo-galiyaha iyo alaabta aad rabto, sida ay u fududahay isticmaalka, inta tamarta yar ee ay isticmaasho, iyo sida ay u jaban tahay.
Noocyada Entrainers
Distillation azeotropic, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo entrainers: isku mid ah, kala duwanaansho, iyo soosaar.
Entrainers-ka isku midka ah waxay isku dari karaan dhammaan qaybaha quudinta, laakiin entrainers kala duwan waxay sameeyaan laba weji oo dareere ah oo aan isku dari karin.
Entrainers-ka-soo-saarka badan ma sameeyaan azeotrope mid ka mid ah qaybaha quudinta.
Taa baddalkeeda, waxay meesha ka saarayaan kaliya qaybaha polar ee badan ama ka yar ee ku salaysan polaritykooda.
Isku-dhafan iyo Kala-duwan Azeotropic Distillation
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo azeotropic distillation, oo loo yaqaan isku mid ah iyo heterogeneous, taas oo ku xiran sida soo-galuhu ula falgalo isku-darka quudinta.
Distillation azeotropic homogeneous waa sahlan tahay in la isticmaalo oo ka waxtar badan marka loo eego distillation azeotropic heterogeneous sababtoo ah soo-galiyuhu wuxuu isku dari karaa dhammaan qaybaha quudinta.
Distillation azeotropic Heterogeneous, dhanka kale, wuxuu isticmaalaa entrainer ah oo aan ku qasi karin mid ka mid ah qaybaha isku darka quudinta.
Tani waxay keeni kartaa in tiirka uu ku guuldareysto isbeddello yar oo cadaadis ah ama decanter-ka inuu ku xiro qulqulo yaryar.
Marka, sida loo maamulo waxay aad u saamaysaa marka loo eego distillation azeotropic isku mid ah.
Xaddidaadda Distillation Azeotropic
Distillation Azeotropic waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin qaar, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay dhibaatooyin.
Xalalka qaarkood laguma kala saari karo sidoo kale nadiifinta haddii ay leeyihiin azeotropes ee goboladooda dheellitirka dareeraha-tuurka ah.
Sidoo kale, doorashada wakiilka azeotropic waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelan kartaa habka iyo, haddii aan si sax ah loo maareynin, waxay wasakhayn kartaa deegaanka.
Sidoo kale, isticmaalka azeotropic distillation weli waxay isticmaashaa tamar badan, waxaana laga yaabaa inaysan had iyo jeer soo saarin heerka nadiifka ah ee loo baahan yahay alaabta bartilmaameedka ah.
Codsiyada Distillation Azeotropic
Fuuqbaxa ethanol
Mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu caansan ee loo isticmaalo distillation azeotropic waa in laga saaro biyaha isku dhafka ethanol iyo biyaha.
Isku darka azeotropic wuxuu aadaa tiirka ugu dambeeya, kaas oo ah meesha uu ka dhaco azeotropic distillation.
Waagii hore, qaar badan oo kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaali jiray tan, laakiin benzene ayaa loo isticmaali jiray inta badan ilaa laga helay inuu keeno kansarka.
Inta badan, cyclohexane waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu jebiyo ethanol-water azeotrope ee sayniska casriga ah.
Habkani wuxuu aad muhiim ugu yahay warshadaha ethanol ee shidaalka, halkaas oo loo baahan yahay in biyaha laga saaro ethanol si looga ilaaliyo matoorada inay burburaan iyo in la kordhiyo qiyaasta ethanol ee isku-dhafka shidaalka.
Distillation Azeotropic kala duwan
Ku darida soo-geliye sameeya weji gooni ah waa qayb ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah hababka milicsiga azeotropic warshadaha.
Si la mid ah ka-saarista wax-soo-saarka, habkan lagu daro soo-galeeyahay kaas oo sameeya weji cusub ayaa loo yaqaan 'entrainment'.
Habka caadiga ah ee habkan loo isticmaalo waa in lagu qaso benzene biyo iyo ethanol si loo sameeyo azeotrope cusub oo kala duwan oo leh bar karkaraya hoose oo loo kala saari karo habka caadiga ah.
Habkani wuxuu si gaar ah faa'iido u leeyahay in laga takhaluso wasakhda ku jirta dareerayaasha organic, nadiifinta saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah, iyo dib u soo celinta hydrocarbons.
Isticmaalka kale
Distillation Azeotropic waxay leedahay tiro adeegsi ah warshadaha marka laga reebo fuuqbaxa ethanol iyo distillation azeotropic kala duwan, sida:
- Isomers, kuwaas oo leh ku dhawaad ​​isku sifooyin jireed iyo kiimiko, waa lagu kala saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo azeotropic distillation.
- Distillation Azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaalaa warshadaha dawooyinka, kiimikooyinka, iyo polymers si loo soo celiyo dareerayaasha qulqulka qashinka.
- Gaasaska ayshitada waxaa laga soo saaraa durdurrada gaaska dabiiciga ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka loo yaqaan 'azeotropic distillation'.
- Kala saarista saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah: Distillation Azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro oo laga nadiifiyo saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee walxaha dhirta.
- Kasaarida biyaha dareerayaasha: Azeotropic distillation waxaa loo isticmaalaa kiimikada iyo warshadaha dawooyinka si biyaha looga saaro dareerayaasha.
Caqabadaha ku jira Distillation Azeotropic
Distillation Azeotropic waa hab wanaagsan oo lagu kala saaro isku dhafka azeotropic, laakiin waxay la timaadaa caqabado ay tahay in wax laga qabto si loo helo natiijooyinka ugu fiican.
Xulashada soo-galiyaha:
Isku-dubaridka iyo naqshadaynta fikradeed ee hababka AD, doorashada soo-galiyaha ayaa aad muhiim u ah sababtoo ah waxay go'aamisaa nidaamka kala-soocidda.
Soo-galiyuhu waa inuu sameeyaa azeotrope xooggan oo leh mid ka mid ah qaybaha isku dhafka ah oo ay fududahay inaad ka soocdo alaabta aad rabto.
Doorashada soo geliye waxay saamaynaysaa tayada alaabta iyo nadiifnimadeeda, haddii aan si fiican loo isticmaalin, waxay sidoo kale wasakhayn kartaa deegaanka.
Saamaynta Soo-galiyaha Xad-dhaafka ah:
Ku darida xad-dhaafka xad-dhaafka ah ee entrainer waxay sababi kartaa korodhka isticmaalka tamarta, maaddaama soo-galiyaha dheeraadka ah waa in laga soocaa alaabta la rabo.
Tani waxay kor u qaadi kartaa qiimaha samaynta alaabta waxayna sidoo kale hoos u dhigi kartaa tayada.
Xaaladaha qaarkood, xad-dhaaf ah ee entrainer waxay keeni kartaa in la sameeyo azeotrope saddexaad, taas oo adkeyn karta habka kala soocidda.
Tababare aan ku filnayn:
Haddii aad isticmaashid soo-geliye aad u yar, waxaa laga yaabaa in alaabtu aan si buuxda loo kala saarin ama aysan noqon mid saafi ah.
Sidaa darteed, in distillation azeotropic, qadarka soo-galiyaha waa in la hagaajiyaa si heerka la rabo ee kala-soocidda iyo nadiifinta lagu gaari karo qadarka ugu yar ee tamarta iyo kharashka.
Sida loo sameeyo Azeotropes:
Marka entrainer uu beddelo isbeddelka qaraabada ee isku dhafka azeotropic, wuxuu sameeyaa karkarinta ugu badan ama ugu yaraan azeotrope.
Ku darista entrainer waxay sii wanaajin kartaa nadiifinta qayb azeotropic ah.
Laakiin haddii aad doorato wax badan ama aad u yar, waxay bedeli kartaa sida wanaagsan ee habka kala-soocidda u shaqeeyo.
Kadib barta Azeotropic:
Kala saarida isku dhafka azeotropic ee ka baxsan barta azeotropic waa suurtagal, laakiin habkani wuxuu isticmaalaa farsamooyin kala duwan oo kharash badan leh sida cadaadiska lulida.
Halkii aad isku dayi lahayd inaad ka gudubto barta azeotropic, waxaa muhiim ah in la helo qadarka saxda ah ee soo-galeeyaha si aad u hesho kala-goyn wanaagsan.
Azeotropic Distillation in Practice
Entrainers in Azeotropic Distillation
Sababtoo ah waxay samayn kartaa azeotrope-karin yar oo biyo leh, benzene waxaa badanaa loo isticmaali jiray gelitaanka azeotrope distillation.
Toluene way ka fiican tahay benzene, inkastoo, sababtoo ah benzene waxay keeni kartaa kansar.
Entrainer wuxuu si fiican u shaqeeyaa haddii uu isku dari karo mid ka mid ah qaybaha quudinta quudinta si loo sameeyo azeotrope cusub.
Tani waxay bedeshaa isbeddelka qaraabada ee qaybaha waxayna suurtogal ka dhigaysaa in la kala saaro.
Soo-galiyuhu waa inuu ahaadaa mid sahlan oo laga soocayo alaabta aad rabto, waxaadna dib ugu heli kartaa adigoo nadiifinaya, kala-gooyo, ama hab kale.
Distillation-ka azeotropic, saameynta soo-galayaasha aad u badan waxay kuxirantahay nidaamka loo isticmaalo.
Marka soo-galeyaal badan lagu daro, tirada tamarta la isticmaalo ayaa kor u kacda sababtoo ah soo-galiyaha dheeraadka ah waa in laga soocaa alaabta la rabo.
Tani waxay kor u qaadi kartaa qiimaha samaynta alaabta waxayna sidoo kale hoos u dhigi kartaa tayada.
Mararka qaarkood, entrainer aad u badan wuxuu keeni karaa azeotrope saddexaad si uu u sameeyo, taas oo ka dhigi karta habka kala-soocidda mid aad u adag.
Dhanka kale, haddii aad isticmaasho soo-geliye aad u yar, waxa laga yaabaa in alaabtu aanay si buuxda u kala soocnayn ama aanay noqon mid saafi ah.
Sidaa darteed, qadarka saxda ah ee soo-galootiga waa in loo adeegsadaa si loo helo heerka kala-soocidda iyo nadiifinta loo baahan yahay qadarka ugu yar ee tamarta iyo kharashka.
Xalliyeyaasha Eutectic Deep (DES) waxay noqonayaan kuwo caan ah sida soo-galiyeyaasha azeotropic distillation sababtoo ah waxay uga fiican yihiin deegaanka marka loo eego dareerayaasha dhaqameed.
Isku darka Azeotropic sida benzene-cyclohexane iyo acetonitrile-biyaha way fududahay in lagu kala saaro DES.
DES waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa farsamo loo yaqaan "Distillation Extractive", taas oo la mid ah ka saarista oo ay ku jirto in lagu daro dareere si loo helo mid ka mid ah qaybaha quudinta isku dhafka ah.
Distillation Azeotropic marka la barbardhigo Distillation Steam
Distillation uumiga, walxaha kulaylka xasaasiga ah sida xeryahooda caraf udgoon ee dabiiciga ah ayaa laga soocay alaabta organic.
Distillation Azeotropic, dhanka kale, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro qaybaha isku dhafka azeotropic.
Isku darka azeotropic waa ay adag tahay in lagu kala saaro nadiifinta dhaqameed sababtoo ah dhibcahooda karkaraya waa isku mid, uumiga ayaa la mid ah isku dhafka dareeraha.
Maadaama uumiga uumiga loo isticmaalo in lagu kala saaro walxaha xasaasiga u ah kulaylka, way adagtahay in la sheego waxa heerkulka azeotropic ee biyaha iyo toluene ay yihiin.
Toluene iyo biyaha, dhinaca kale, waxay sameeyaan azeotrope at 84.1 ° C taas oo ka kooban 22.85% biyaha iyo 77.15wt% toluene.
Maadaama ay u dhaqmo sida hal xarun, isku dhafka toluene iyo biyaha leh qurxintan laguma kala saari karo wax dheeraad ah oo fudud.
Waxaad kala sooci kartaa isku dhafkan adiga oo isticmaalaya distillation azeotropic leh entrainer ama nadiifinta wax soo saarka leh dareere.
Fiidiyowga: Azeotrope barokaca iyo kala soocidda
Talo: Daar badhanka qoraalka haddii aad u baahan tahay. Dooro "tarjumaad toos ah" badhanka dejinta, haddii aadan aqoon u lahayn luqadda Ingiriisiga. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad gujiso luqadda fiidyaha ka hor inta aan luqadda aad jeceshahay la heli karin tarjumaad.
Isticmaal kiisaska
| Loo adeegsaday: | Sharaxaad: |
|---|---|
| Nadiifinta biyaha | Distillation Azeotropic waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu nadiifiyo biyaha, gaar ahaan semiconductor iyo warshadaha elektarooniga ah halkaas oo loo baahan yahay biyo saafi ah. Iyada oo la kaashanayo entrainer, distillation azeotropic ka dhigi kartaa biyo leh wasakh aad u yar oo loo isticmaali karo xaaladaha xasaasiga ah. |
| Soo kabashada xalinta | Distillation Azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro dareerayaasha iyo isku darka falcelinta. Tani waxay u ogolaanaysaa dareerayaasha qaaliga ah ama ay adag tahay in la helo in la soo celiyo oo mar kale la isticmaalo. Tusaale ahaan, distillation azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala saaro ethanol biyaha, kaas oo markaa loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo bayofuel ama ujeedooyin kale oo warshadeed. |
| Soo saarista saliidda lagama maarmaanka ah | Habka caanka ah ee lagu helo saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee dhirta waa isticmaalka azeotropic distillation. Isticmaalka entrainer, distillation azeotropic waxay ka heli kartaa saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee dhirta ka badan nadiifinta uumiga dhaqameed. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in saliiddu ay noqon doonaan kuwo tayo sare leh oo ay soo saari doonaan wax badan. |
| Nadiifinta polymerka | Distillation Azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in laga saaro wasakhda polymers kuwaas oo bedeli kara hantidooda ama sida wanaagsan ee ay u shaqeeyaan. Tusaale ahaan, distillation azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu nadiifiyo polystyrene iyadoo laga takhaluso monomers-ka haray iyo wasakh kale oo bedeli kara habka polymer-ka u shaqeeyo. |
| Wax soo saarka dawooyinka | Distillation Azeotropic waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro iyo nadiifinta isku darka falcelinta inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka ee daawooyinka. Tusaale ahaan, distillation azeotropic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala saaro oo lagu nadiifiyo isku dhafka falcelinta ee samaynta antibiyootiga, taasoo keentay badeecooyin nadiif ah oo sarreeya. |
Gabagabo
Gebogebadii, distillation azeotropic waa hab faa'iido leh oo lagu kala saaro isku dhafka adag ee qaybahooda saafiga ah.
Waa qalab awood u leh injineerada iyo saynisyahannada sababtoo ah awooddeeda gaarka ah si ay u sameeyaan qaybo saafi ah si degdeg ah.
Laakiin, sida hab kasta oo kala-soocidda, waxay leedahay xadkeeda waxayna u baahan tahay in si taxadar leh looga fikiro halabuurka isku dhafka ah, doorashada soo-galiyaha, iyo shuruudaha geeddi-socodka si ay si fiican u shaqeeyaan.
Markaad sii wadato inaad eegto suurtogalnimada distillation azeotropic, maskaxda ku hay in habkani aanu ahayn caqabad farsamo oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale fursad u ah xalinta dhibaatooyinka hal-abuurka ah iyo fikrado cusub.
Haddii aad si sax ah uga fikirto distillation azeotropic, waxay u horseedi kartaa daahfurka injineernimada iyo fikradaha cusub.
Markaa maskax fur oo isku day waxyaabo cusub. Waxaa jira xulashooyin badan.
La wadaag…
